SND
The NeXT (SND) sample file format, the same as the AU File Format but from NeXT.
Excerpt from NeXT documentation.
The NeXT sound software defines the SNDSoundStruct structure to represent sound. This structure defines the soundfile and Mach-O sound segment formats and the sound pasteboard type. It's also used to describe sounds in Interface Builder. In addition, each instance of the Sound Kit's Sound class encapsulates a SNDSoundStruct and provides methods to access and modify its attributes.
Basic sound operations, such as playing, recording, and cut-and-paste editing, are most easily performed by a Sound object. In many cases, the Sound Kit obviates the need for in-depth understanding of the SNDSoundStruct architecture. For example, if you simply want to incorporate sound effects into an application, or to provide a simple graphic sound editor (such as the one in the Mail application), you needn't be aware of the details of the SNDSoundStruct. However, if you want to closely examine or manipulate sound data you should be familiar with this structure.
The SNDSoundStruct contains a header, information that describes the attributes of a sound, followed by the data (usually samples) that represents the sound. The structure is defined (in sound/soundstruct.h) as:
typedef struct {
int magic; /* magic number SND_MAGIC */
int dataLocation; /* offset or pointer to the data */
int dataSize; /* number of bytes of data */
int dataFormat; /* the data format code */
int samplingRate; /* the sampling rate */
int channelCount; /* the number of channels */
char info[4]; /* optional text information */
} SNDSoundStruct;
SNDSoundStruct Fields
magic
magic is a magic number that's used to identify the structure as a SNDSoundStruct. Keep in mind that the structure also defines the soundfile and Mach-O sound segment formats, so the magic number is also used to identify these entities as containing a sound.
dataLocation
It was mentioned above that the SNDSoundStruct contains a header followed by sound data. In reality, the structure only contains the header; the data itself is external to, although usually contiguous with, the structure. (Nonetheless, it's often useful to speak of the SNDSoundStruct as the header and the data.) dataLocation is used to point to the data. Usually, this value is an offset (in bytes) from the beginning of the SNDSoundStruct to the first byte of sound data. The data, in this case, immediately follows the structure, so dataLocation can also be thought of as the size of the structure's header. The other use of dataLocation, as an address that locates data that isn't contiguous with the structure, is described in "Format Codes," below.
dataSize
It is its size in bytes (not including the size of the SNDSoundStruct).
dataFormat
It is a code that identifies the type of sound. For sampled sounds, this is the quantization format. However, the data can also be instructions for synthesizing a sound on the DSP. The codes are listed and explained in "Format Codes," below.
samplingRate
It is the sampling rate (if the data is samples). Three sampling rates, represented as integer constants, are supported by the hardware:
Constant Sampling Rate (samples/sec)
SND_RATE_CODEC 8012.821 (CODEC input) SND_RATE_LOW 22050.0 (low sampling rate output) SND_RATE_HIGH 44100.0 (high sampling rate output)
channelCount
It is the number of channels of sampled sound.
info
info is a NULL-terminated string that you can supply to provide a textual description of the sound. The size of the info field is set when the structure is created and thereafter can't be enlarged. It's at least four bytes long (even if it's unused).
Format Codes
A sound's format is represented as a positive 32-bit integer. NeXT reserves the integers 0 through 255; you can define your own format and represent it with an integer greater than 255. Most of the formats defined by NeXT describe the amplitude quantization of sampled sound data:
Value Code Format
0 SND_FORMAT_UNSPECIFIED unspecified format 1 SND_FORMAT_MULAW_8 8-bit mu-law samples 2 SND_FORMAT_LINEAR_8 8-bit linear samples 3 SND_FORMAT_LINEAR_16 16-bit linear samples 4 SND_FORMAT_LINEAR_24 24-bit linear samples 5 SND_FORMAT_LINEAR_32 32-bit linear samples 6 SND_FORMAT_FLOAT floating-point samples 7 SND_FORMAT_DOUBLE double-precision float samples 8 SND_FORMAT_INDIRECT fragmented sampled data 9 SND_FORMAT_NESTED ? 10 SND_FORMAT_DSP_CORE DSP program 11 SND_FORMAT_DSP_DATA_8 8-bit fixed-point samples 12 SND_FORMAT_DSP_DATA_16 16-bit fixed-point samples 13 SND_FORMAT_DSP_DATA_24 24-bit fixed-point samples 14 SND_FORMAT_DSP_DATA_32 32-bit fixed-point samples 15 ? 16 SND_FORMAT_DISPLAY non-audio display data 17 SND_FORMAT_MULAW_SQUELCH ? 18 SND_FORMAT_EMPHASIZED 16-bit linear with emphasis 19 SND_FORMAT_COMPRESSED 16-bit linear with compression 20 SND_FORMAT_COMPRESSED_EMPHASIZED A combination of the two above 21 SND_FORMAT_DSP_COMMANDS Music Kit DSP commands 22 SND_FORMAT_DSP_COMMANDS_SAMPLES ? [Some new ones supported by Sun. This is all I currently know. --GvR] 23 SND_FORMAT_ADPCM_G721 24 SND_FORMAT_ADPCM_G722 25 SND_FORMAT_ADPCM_G723_3 26 SND_FORMAT_ADPCM_G723_5 27 SND_FORMAT_ALAW_8
Most formats identify different sizes and types of sampled data. Some deserve special note:
SND_FORMAT_DSP_CORE
format contains data that represents a loadable DSP core program. Sounds in this format are required by the SNDBootDSP() and SNDRunDSP() functions. You create a SND_FORMAT_DSP_CORE sound by reading a DSP load file (extension ".lod") with the SNDReadDSPfile() function.
SND_FORMAT_DSP_COMMANDS
is used to distinguish sounds that contain DSP commands created by the Music Kit. Sounds in this format can only be created through the Music Kit's Orchestra class, but can be played back through the SNDStartPlaying() function.
SND_FORMAT_DISPLAY
format is used by the Sound Kit's SoundView class. Such sounds can't be played.
SND_FORMAT_INDIRECT
indicates data that has become fragmented, as described in a separate section, below.
SND_FORMAT_UNSPECIFIED
is used for unrecognized formats.
Fragmented Sound Data
Sound data is usually stored in a contiguous block of memory. However, when sampled sound data is edited (such that a portion of the sound is deleted or a portion inserted), the data may become discontiguous, or fragmented. Each fragment of data is given its own SNDSoundStruct header; thus, each fragment becomes a separate SNDSoundStruct structure. The addresses of these new structures are collected into a contiguous, NULL-terminated block; the dataLocation field of the original SNDSoundStruct is set to the address of this block, while the original format, sampling rate, and channel count are copied into the new SNDSoundStructs.
Fragmentation serves one purpose: It avoids the high cost of moving data when the sound is edited. Playback of a fragmented sound is transparent-you never need to know whether the sound is fragmented before playing it. However, playback of a heavily fragmented sound is less efficient than that of a contiguous sound. The SNDCompactSamples() C function can be used to compact fragmented sound data.
Sampled sound data is naturally unfragmented. A sound that's freshly recorded or retrieved from a soundfile, the Mach-O segment, or the pasteboard won't be fragmented. Keep in mind that only sampled data can become fragmented.
>From mentor.cc.purdue.edu!purdue!decwrl!ucbvax!ziploc!eps Wed Apr 4 23:56:23 EST 1990 Article 5779 of comp.sys.next: Path: mentor.cc.purdue.edu!purdue!decwrl!ucbvax!ziploc!eps >From: eps@toaster.SFSU.EDU (Eric P. Scott) Newsgroups: comp.sys.next Subject: Re: Format of NeXT sndfile headers? Message-ID: <445@toaster.SFSU.EDU> Date: 31 Mar 90 21:36:17 GMT References: <14978@phoenix.Princeton.EDU> Reply-To: eps@cs.SFSU.EDU (Eric P. Scott) Organization: San Francisco State University Lines: 42
In article <14978@phoenix.Princeton.EDU>
bskendig@phoenix.Princeton.EDU (Brian Kendig) writes:
>I'd like to take a program I have that converts Macintosh sound
files
>to NeXT sndfiles and polish it up a bit to go the other direction as
>well.
Two people have already submitted programs that do this (Christopher Lane and Robert Hood); check the various NeXT archive sites.
> Could someone please give me the format of a NeXT sndfile >header?
"big-endian"
0 1 2 3
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
0 | 0x2e | 0x73 | 0x6e | 0x64 | "magic" number
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
4 | | data location
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
8 | | data size
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
12 | | data format (enum)
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
16 | | sampling rate (int)
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
20 | | channel count
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
24 | | | | | (optional) info
string
28 = minimum value for data location
data format values can be found in /usr/include/sound/soundstruct.h
Most common combinations:
sampling channel data
rate count format
voice file 8012 1 1 = 8-bit mu-law
system beep 22050 2 3 = 16-bit linear
CD-quality 44100 2 3 = 16-bit linear
Back to Sample File Formats (Audio)